Industria 4.0 y control de calidad: IoT e IA en la manufactura inteligente
Palabras clave:
Industria 4.0; Internet de las Cosas; Inteligencia Artificial; Aprendizaje Automático; Control de Calidad; Manufactura Inteligente; Revisión Sistemática.Resumen
La cuarta revolución industrial ha reconfigurado los paradigmas productivos al incorporar tecnologías digitales avanzadas en los procesos de manufactura. Entre estas, el Internet de las Cosas (IoT) y la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) emergen como ejes transversales con capacidad para transformar la gestión del control de calidad de un enfoque reactivo hacia uno predictivo y autónomo. El presente trabajo constituye una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica publicada entre 2018 y 2024 en bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science e IEEE Xplore, orientada a identificar, sintetizar y evaluar críticamente las contribuciones del IoT y la IA al control de calidad en entornos de manufactura inteligente. Los hallazgos revelan que la integración de sensores inteligentes, redes de comunicación industrial y algoritmos de aprendizaje automático permite reducir las tasas de defectos en rangos del 25% al 45%, mejorar la eficiencia operativa en proporciones superiores al 30%, y habilitar sistemas de mantenimiento predictivo con tasas de precisión que superan el 90%. No obstante, persisten barreras estructurales significativas —particularmente en economías emergentes como Ecuador— relacionadas con la brecha de infraestructura tecnológica, los costos de implementación y la escasez de talento especializado. Se concluye que la adopción estratégica de estas tecnologías, acompañada de políticas de formación del capital humano y marcos regulatorios habilitantes, constituye un vector crítico para la competitividad industrial sostenible.
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Derechos de autor 2026 José Gilberto Argandoña Moreira, Xavier Leopoldo Gracia Cervantes, Damian Ubaldo Perez Moreira, Mirna Geraldine Cevallos Mina
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
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