Indústria 4.0 e Controle de Qualidade: IoT e IA na Manufatura Inteligente
Palavras-chave:
Indústria 4.0; Internet das Coisas; Inteligência Artificial; Aprendizado de Máquina; Controle de Qualidade; Manufatura Inteligente; Revisão Sistemática.Resumo
A quarta revolução industrial tem reconfigurado os paradigmas produtivos ao incorporar tecnologias digitais avançadas nos processos de manufatura. Entre elas, a Internet das Coisas (IoT) e a Inteligência Artificial (IA) emergem como eixos transversais com capacidade de transformar a gestão do controle de qualidade de um enfoque reativo para um modelo preditivo e autônomo. Este trabalho constitui uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica publicada entre 2018 e 2024 nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science e IEEE Xplore, orientada a identificar, sintetizar e avaliar criticamente as contribuições da IoT e da IA para o controle de qualidade em ambientes de manufatura inteligente. Os resultados revelam que a integração de sensores inteligentes, redes de comunicação industrial e algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina permite reduzir as taxas de defeitos em faixas de 25% a 45%, melhorar a eficiência operacional em proporções superiores a 30% e habilitar sistemas de manutenção preditiva com taxas de precisão acima de 90%. No entanto, persistem barreiras estruturais significativas — particularmente em economias emergentes como o Equador — relacionadas à lacuna de infraestrutura tecnológica, aos custos de implementação e à escassez de talentos especializados. Conclui-se que a adoção estratégica dessas tecnologias, acompanhada de políticas de formação de capital humano e de marcos regulatórios habilitadores, constitui um vetor crítico para a competitividade industrial sustentável.
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