Relationship between public employment policies and the real demand for skills in Esmeraldas, Ecuador: gaps and structural challenges

Abstract

This article analyzes the relationship between public employment policies implemented in Ecuador and the actual demand for labor competencies in the province of Esmeraldas. Using a mixed descriptive-explanatory design (documentary analysis, official statistics 2019–2024, three case studies, and 12 semi-structured interviews with key actors), gaps were identified in territorial relevance, digital training, and institutional articulation. The results show that, despite programs such as the Agreement for Employability and Commitment to Employment, the training supply responds to the demands of Quito and Guayaquil rather than local needs (commerce, services, tourism, agriculture, and fishing). Informality exceeds 77%, and youth unemployment reaches critical levels. Territorialized initiatives such as CEFORMAX show better results but on a limited scale. It is concluded that a territorialized approach is required, integrating systematic competency mapping, public-private partnerships, and articulation with local actors. A comparison with Cuban mixed economy contexts is also included.