Historical personality in Cuban History as a basis for inclusive teaching lower secondary education

Abstract

This research analyzes the treatment of historical personality in the teaching of Cuban History in lower secondary education, specifically in Unit 3 “The struggles for independence (1868–1898),” as a basis for promoting inclusive education. A qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach is adopted, supported by documentary analysis of curricula, historical texts, and biographical sources. The study shows that figures such as Antonio Maceo, José Martí, Francisco Gómez Toro, Henry Reeve, and Flor Crombet—traditionally portrayed as idealized heroes—actually reveal human trajectories marked by physical limitations, adversity, and personal overcoming. The didactic reinterpretation of these personalities from a humanized perspective strengthens students’ identification with historical content. It is concluded that this approach contributes to the development of self-esteem in students with physical disabilities by demonstrating that human worth does not depend on physical perfection, but on willpower, dignity, and ethical commitment, thus fostering a more inclusive and formative teaching process.